Nirvana Shatkam

Introduction to Nirvana Shatkam

Nirvana Shatkam also known as Atma Shatkam is prakarana granthi consisting of six verses. Prakarana has been defined in the Vishnu Dharmottara Purana thus: Prakarana is a text that explains some particular aspects of the sastra and deals with certain secondary questions arising out of the explanations given.

The instruction empathically conveyed by the six verses of Nirvana Shatkam is that identification with the body, mind, and senses is the root cause of all sorrow and that it should be given up and one should realize one real nature as none other than the supreme Brahman. This realization is what is known as Liberation.“Nirvana” means formless and “Shatkam” refers to the 6 verses of the composition, expressing how the true Self is beyond all definitions; it is “neither this nor that”.

History of the mantra

In these stotras, written in his supreme state of realization, Adi Shankara explains the state of wisdom and truth.

When Adi Shankara was in Kashi, he used to have his daily bath in the Ganga. One day, on his way to the Ganga, his way was blocked by a Chandala (belonging to the untouchable caste) whose job was to burn the dead bodies. Adi Shankara immediately asked him to go away. The man, instead of moving away, asked Adi Shankara  `who are you?’

Adi Shankara knew that no ordinary man would ask him this question and he realized that the man in front of him was the Lord Kasinath Shiva himself. Searching for an answer to the question `Who are you?’ Adi Shankara went into a deep state of meditation.  And being in the state of highest consciousness, he identified himself with the ultimate truth of life — Shivoham.

Shivoham means `I am Shiva’. 

He wrote down his answers then and there and read them out. Adi Shankara mostly answered the question “Who are you” by saying what/who is not he, instead of just saying who is he! . Adi Shankara was no ordinary soul to have attained the state of `Shivoham’ at a very young age. What lies between realities and false identification is the truth.  The truth, the ultimate truth is

Nirvana Shatkam in Sanskrit

मनोबुद्ध्यहङ्कार चित्तानि नाहं
न च श्रोत्रजिह्वे न च घ्राणनेत्रे ।
न च व्योम भूमिर्न तेजो न वायुः
चिदानन्दरूपः शिवोऽहम् शिवोऽहम् ॥१॥

न च प्राणसंज्ञो न वै पञ्चवायुः
न वा सप्तधातुः न वा पञ्चकोशः ।
न वाक्पाणिपादं न चोपस्थपायु
चिदानन्दरूपः शिवोऽहम् शिवोऽहम् ॥२॥

न मे द्वेषरागौ न मे लोभमोहौ
मदो नैव मे नैव मात्सर्यभावः ।
न धर्मो न चार्थो न कामो न मोक्षः
चिदानन्दरूपः शिवोऽहम् शिवोऽहम् ॥३॥

न पुण्यं न पापं न सौख्यं न दुःखं
न मन्त्रो न तीर्थं न वेदा न यज्ञाः ।
अहं भोजनं नैव भोज्यं न भोक्ता
चिदानन्दरूपः शिवोऽहम् शिवोऽहम् ॥४॥

न मृत्युर्न शङ्का न मे जातिभेदः
पिता नैव मे नैव माता न जन्मः ।
न बन्धुर्न मित्रं गुरुर्नैव शिष्यं
चिदानन्दरूपः शिवोऽहम् शिवोऽहम् ॥५॥

अहं निर्विकल्पो निराकाररूपो
विभुत्वाच्च सर्वत्र सर्वेन्द्रियाणाम् ।
न चासङ्गतं नैव मुक्तिर्न मेयः
चिदानन्दरूपः शिवोऽहम् शिवोऽहम् ॥६॥

Nirvana Shatkam in English Lyrics

mano buddhi ahankara chittani naaham
na cha shrotravjihve na cha ghraana netre
na cha vyoma bhumir na tejo na vaayuhu
chidananda rupah shivo’ham shivo’ham

na cha prana sangyo na vai pancha vayuhu
na va sapta dhatur na va pancha koshah
na vak pani-padam na chopastha payu
chidananda rupah shivo’ham shivo’ham

na me dvesha ragau na me lobha mohau
na me vai mado naiva matsarya bhavaha
na dharmo na chartho na kamo na mokshaha
chidananda rupah shivo’ham shivo’ham

na punyam na papam na saukhyam na duhkham
na mantro na tirtham na veda na yajnah
aham bhojanam naiva bhojyam na bhokta
chidananda rupah shivo’ham shivo’ham

na me mrtyu shanka na mejati bhedaha
pita naiva me naiva mataa na janmaha
na bandhur na mitram gurur naiva shishyaha
chidananda rupah shivo’ham shivo’ham

aham nirvikalpo nirakara rupo
vibhut vatcha sarvatra sarvendriyanam
na cha sangatham naiva muktir na meyaha
chidananda rupah shivo’ham shivo’ham

Meaning of Each Verse of Nirvana Shatkam

I am not the mind, the intellect, the ego, or the memory. I am not the ears, the skin, the nose, or the eyes. I am neither space, earth, fire, water, nor wind. I am the form of consciousness and bliss. I am the eternal Shiva.

I am not the breath, nor the five elements. I do not matter, nor the five sheaths of consciousness, nor am I the speech, the hands, or the feet. I am the form of consciousness and bliss. I am the eternal Shiva.

There is no like or dislike in me, no greed or delusion. I know not pride or jealousy. I have no duty, no desire for wealth, lust, or liberation. I am the form of consciousness and bliss. I am the eternal Shiva.

No virtue or vice, no pleasure or pain. I need no mantras, no pilgrimage, no scriptures or rituals. I am not the experienced, nor the experience itself. I am the form of consciousness and bliss. I am the eternal Shiva

I have no fear of death, no caste or creed. I have no father, no mother, for I was never born.I am not a relative, a friend, a teacher, or a student. I am the form of consciousness and bliss.I am the eternal Shiva.

I am devoid of duality, my form is formlessness. I exist everywhere, pervading all senses. I am neither attached, neither free nor captive. I am the form of consciousness and bliss. I am the eternal Shiva.

Do Listen to this Beautiful Mantra Nirvana Shatkam

Benefits of Nirvana Shatkam Mantra

• Benefit 1 – Positive vibes

Chanting and listening to Nirvana Shatkam once a day can produce extremely positive vibes around you

• Benefit 2 – Negate anxiety and depression

Recite it to deal with anxiety and depression. It serves as the best medicine to get rid of these negative emotions

• Benefit 3 – Emotional stability

You can achieve an eternal state of calmness even in stressful situations of life

• Benefit 4 – Let go of jealousy and greed

You start getting rid of unwanted attachments

Here we present an article on the Four Ashoka Stupas of Lalitpur which is briefly described further. Lalitpur District is one of 77 districts of Nepal and is one of the Kathmandu Valley districts which covers an area of 396 square kilometers. Newars are the major habitats of Lalitpur and Newari is their major language of communication. It is best known for its rich cultural heritage, especially its tradition of arts and crafts. Patan or Lalitpur is the city of people accomplished in the arts and professions which is like no other.

Temples, Palaces, bahis, and bahals are steeped in a history that is also present in Patan. The artisans of Patan are bearers of a continuous tradition going back to early times. As a city of fine arts, Lalitpur is more than a collection of monuments; its ancient buildings are lived in, the temple deities are worshipped, and the traditions are yet alive. Patan Durbar Square one of the remarkable places of Patan has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site.

What is Stupa?

A stupa is a dome-shaped building erected as a Buddhist shrine, which is typically used for meditation. In common terms, we can say Stupa is a temple of the Buddhist religion. Circumambulation or Pradakshina has been an important ritual and devotional practice in Buddhism since the earliest times, and stupas always have a pradakhshina path around them. According to Buddhist tradition, Emperor Ashoka who ruled from 273 BCE to 232 BCE recovered the relics of the Buddha from the earlier stupas and erected 84,000 stupas across the nation during his tenure.

Who is Ashoka?

Chandragupta Maurya’s grandson Ashoka (Aśoka) (c 304–233 B.C.) took the greatest geographical extent and total power of the Mauryan Empire. However, the astonishing transformation of his kingdom did not occur with the violent violence that characterized the early years of his reign. Rather, it stemmed from his embrace of Buddhism and the message of tolerance and nonviolence that he spread throughout his vast empire.

In addition to his edicts, Ashoka built stupas, monasteries, and other religious buildings at important Buddhist sites such as Sarnath. As a Buddhist emperor, Ashoka believed that Buddhism was beneficial for all people, not just plants and animals, and therefore built several stupas. He also spread Buddhism well to neighboring kingdoms.

The Four Ashoka Stupas of Lalitpur

The four Ashoka Stupas are marked as the four corners of Patan or Lalitpur. It is believed that Emperor Ashoka who expanded Buddhism far and wide came to the valley in the 3rd century BCE and built four Stupas in the four corners of Patan. Those Stupas are a testimony to the ancient culture, tradition, and lifestyle of the Kathmandu Valley.

The Four Ashoka Stupas of Patan are:

• The Lagan Thura (South)
• The Teta Thura (East)
• The Pucho Thura (West)
• The Ibahi Thura (North)

1. LAGAN THURA (SOUTHERN STUPA)

Of the four stupas of Patan, the southern mound is known as Lagan Thura Stupa. It is the largest among the four stupas, measuring 47.40 meters in diameter and 11.80 meters in height. The mound is crowned by a recent structure, a miniature cenotaph added on the top. The shrines of Tathagatas (Buddhas) are believed to have been added in 1878.

2. TETA THURA (EASTERN STUPA)

This Stupa is located about 200 meters east of Tyagal Tole of Patan near the Ring Road. It is comparatively bigger than the other two Stupas in the perimeter. The perimeter of this Stupa is 75.83 meters and the height is 10.4 meters. It has a fire Vedica (railing) of height 1.6 meters with one Tathagata in each direction. The dome of 4.5m in height is paved with firebricks with a square Harmika on the top. There are three inscriptions which are very difficult to read.

3. PUCHO THURA (WESTERN STUPA):

The Stupa is located on the busy Pulchowk intersection at the western end of Patan. The perimeter of this Stupa is 75.52 meters and it is 12 meters tall. It also has a Vedika of height 1.2 meters with one Tathagata in each direction. The dome is 6.5 meters tall and is paved by firebrick. It does not have Harmika. The thirteen-ring Cakravalis are constructed directly over the dome in a square-shaped pyramid structure. A Yasti caps the top.

4. IBAHI THURA (NORTHERN STUPA): 

This Stupa is comparatively more complex and smaller than the other three Stupas. It looks similar to the Swoyambhunath Stupa in Kathmandu. It has a perimeter of 60.62 meters. It has five Buddhas in the Vedika with their consorts except the Tathagata Vairocana. The Vedika is 1.5 tall and the dome is 5.5 meters in height. A square Harmika sits on the top of the dome. We can see a 13-step Cakravali with a Yasti on top of the Harmika.

What is Bihar and Bahi?

Bihars and Bahis are where Buddhist monks and nuns stay and carry out different activities like praying, meditation, leering and studying, teaching, and so on. In Lalitpur district people call Mahabihar Bihar. Before Bihars and Bahis emerged, Buddhist monks and nuns were said to be accommodated in the caves and natural forest areas.

Bihar is open for every religion and caste people who follow Buddhism whereas Baha / Bahi is a place only designated for Newari Buddhists. Newar people use Baha and Bahi. Bahal and Bahil are the terms used for Baha and Bahi by the non-newari community (Parbate – out of Nepal Mandal people)

Generally, the word Bahi denotes the same meaning as Bihar indicating the smaller in size in comparison to the Bihar. However, there are distinct differences between a Bihar and Bahi:

1. Bahis are supposed to be the earliest places than Bihars,
2. Bahis are usually built far away from the residential area, whereas Bihars are made amidst the residential area, and
3. Bahis are built over a raised plinth. On the rooftop of the shrine room, a lantern-like structure marks the Bahi.
4. Bihars do not usually possess the lantern like structure above the roof top. Bihars do have the quadrangle courtyard usually paved by the stones or bricks. Bihars consist of residence of families.

Bihars and Bahis in Lalitpur

There are one hundred and sixty-seven, Bihars in Lalitpur town. The majority of them have now remained only in name and nothing. According to the historical facts, there were 15 Bihars and 15 Bahis as the major Bihars and Bahis in the early period. During the Malla period the extension of Lalitpur included Chovar and Kirtipur as well. Another Bihar named Shree Vatchha Maha Bihar built by the Malla rulers has also been added to the list. Now, the total number of Bihars has reached 18.

As a major Bahis, there are 24 Bahis including Kirtipur, Bungamati, and Ba Bahis. Among these, the Bihars and Bahis which happen to be in the present Lalitpur town are 16 Bihars and 21 Bahis. These Bihars and Bahis do have names in both Sanskrit and Nepāla Bhāṣā languages.

Sanskrit and Nepāla Bhāṣā names of Bihars of Lalitpur

S.N.	Sanskrit	Nepāla Bhāṣā
1.	Jestha Barna Maha Bihar	Tanga Bahal
2.	Hiranya Barna Maha Bihar	Kwa Bahal
3.	Dharma Kirti Maha Bihar	Tabahal
4.	Ratnakar Maha Bihar	Hakha Bahal
5.	Yasodhar Maha Bihar	Bubahal
6.	Data Nam Maha Bihar	Daubahal
7.	Guna Laxmi Maha Bihar	Dhumbahal
8.	Chakra Barna Maha Bihar	Chuk Bahal
9.	Bajra Kirti Maha Bihar	Wan Bahal
10.	Jyoti Barna Maha Bihar	Jyo Bahal
11.	Baisya Barna Maha Bihar	Guji Bahal
12.	Mayur Barna Maha Bihar	Bhinchhe Bahal
13.	Rudra Barna Maha Bihar	Uku Bahal
14.	Jaya Manohar Maha Bihar	Subahal
15.	Baladhar Gyupta Maha Bihar	Yachhu Bahal
16.	Shree Batchha Maha BIhar	Sibahal

Bihars are not similar to one another in several terms e.g. area, Sangha members, art and architecture, branch Bihars, and others. Among these, Yashodhar Maha Bihar possesses the largest area (5 Ropanies) and Chakra Barna Maha Bihar holds the smallest area (3 Ana 2 Paisa). Hiranya Barna Maha Bihar commands the largest number of Sangha members (more than 5,000) and Jyoti Barna Maha Bihar consists of only 22 Sangha members.

The Bihars which have only Bajracharya Sangha include Guna Laxmi Maha Bihar, Chakra Barna Maha Bihar, Dharma Kirti Maha Bihar, Dat Nam Maha Bihar, and Ratnakar Maha Bihar. Four Bihars namely Yasodhar Barna Maha Bihar, Bajrakirti Maha Bihar, Mayur Barna Maha Bihar, and Hiranya Barna Maha Bihar have both Shakya and Bajracharya in their Sangha. The remaining seven Bihars have supported only the Shakya community.

Most of these Bihars have branch Bihars. There is variation in number of branches by Bihars. Rudra Barna Mahavir has earned 33 branch Bihars, Hiranya Barna Maha Bihar has 25 branch Bihars and Yasodhar Maha Bihar has 15 branch Bihars. Besides, three Bihars namely Hiranya Barna Maha Bihar, Rudra Barna Maha Bihar, and Ratnakar Maha Bihar do hold the exact outlook of Bihar as such being bounded by the total complex of own buildings whereas others have been surrounded by the residential houses of the Sangha members and others.

Short Description of few Bihars

Hiranya Barna Maha Bihar (Kwa Bahal)

Hiranya Barna Maha Bihar also known as Kwa Bahal is a historical, Golden colored, pagoda-style monastery of Shakyamuni Buddha. It was built in the 12th century by King Bhaskar Varma and gold-plated with donations offered by the local merchants who traded with Tibet. According to a legend, Hiranyavarna Mahabihar was built at a location where a rat chased a cat. Rats are still being fed at the site. The chaitya in the middle of the courtyard is worshipped as the lineage deity by the locals.

Ratnakar Mahabihar

Ratnakar Mahabihar also known as Hakha Bahal, is located on the way to the Patan palace. Its current building was established during the reign of the Malla dynasty. The site houses the living goddess Kumari, who is the royal goddess of the Malla Kings. Thus, widely worshipped by the Hindus too. Kumari is believed to be the embodiment of the Hindu goddess Taleju and is a significant figure in Newar culture.

Yashodhar Mahabihar (Bubahal)

Yashodhar Mahabihar also known as Bubahal is the ancient Buddhist monastery built by a converted Brahman called Vidhyadhar. Bubahal is situated in Gabahal area. There is a beautiful temple housing the Buddha’s icon which is facing north in the large courtyard.

Their Hindu relatives are still residing near the Agnishala area helping each other in religious and social matters. This is a good example of religious harmony in Nepal, between the two great religions, Hindu and Buddhist. The clan tree called Varuna brikshya of both clans is still preserved in their respective monasteries.

Padmavati Mahabihar (Na Bahal)

Na Bahal also known as Padmavati Mahabihar is a significant cultural and historical site. This monastery constructed in the 17^th century is known for its unique wooden carved sculptures, a hallmark of Newari craftsmanship. The big bell in front of the Patan palace was made by the artisans of this monastery. The architecture of the temple is typical of the Newari style with intricate wood carvings and elaborate roof structures. One of the most notable features of Na Bahal is its wooden carvings and bell-making.

Nagbahal

Nagbahal is a vibrant and historic Buddhist area in Lalitpur. The large courtyard of Nagbahal serves as a gathering place for the large icons of Bipankara Buddha during the Samyaka festival which is held every five years. This Bihar is associated with the Golden Temple or Hiranyavarna Mahabihar. It has a stone spout that dates back to ancient times and a large bronze image of a bull very much like a Nandi. According to the local legend, once Dipankar Buddha visited here and at that time the bull roared.

Nakabahil

Nakabahil also known as Lokakirti Bihar is an ancient Buddhist monastery and until recent times it was a well-preserved bihar structure. The Bihar organizes the Astamatrika dance, which begins during Ghatasthapana the first day of the Dashain festival. No violence or sacrifices are performed at Nakabahil, as the monastery follows the principles of nonviolence and compassion.

Jagamadu Pukhu, Pimbahal

According to the local legend, the pond was built by Lakhey or demi god by piling up stones one after another without any mortar or clay to please his wife. It is thus called Jagmadu Pukhu, the pond was used to irrigate the agricultural land nearby. The locals believe if the pond gets dry and the magical stone lying in the northeastern corner of the pond is exposed to the sun it will rain soon.

Mahaboudha Temple

Mahaboudha temple is dedicated to lord Buddha. The temple is often called the Temple of a Thousand Buddhas because a Buddha image is engraved on every branch. The temple dates back to 1585 and it was rebuilt after the 1934 earthquake. Mahaboudha’s design is based on the Mahabodhi temple of Bodh Gaya, as the founder of the temple Abhayaraj visited there. The Mahabodhi temple in Bodh Gaya has long been an inspiration to the Buddhist community all over the world.

Baisya Barna Mahabihar (Guji Bahal)

Guji bahal also known as Vaisha Barna Mahabihar is a historic Buddhist temple located near Sundhara of Patan. The temple was built in the medieval period. The temple features a pagoda style structure. The main shrine is dedicated to Shakyamuni Buddha and there are several smaller shrines and prayer halls within the temple complex. Trailokya Bijayadevi brought from Tibet is one of the important icons of this monastery.

Jestha Varna Mahabihar (Minnath temple)

Jestha Varna Mahabihar is commonly known as Tanga Baha. Its Sanskrit name Jestha Varna Mahabihar indicates its reputation as one of the oldest and principal vihars in Patan. This vihar was founded by Balarchana Deva at Tangal Tol, which is situated on the east of the road leading south from Mangal Bazaar. It is located just opposite Ta Baha of Karunamaya or Rato Machhindranath Temple. The principal deity of the Tanga Baha is a small and remarkable red image of Padmapani Lokesvara which is also revered as Jatadhari Lokesvar. Newar Buddhists call this deity Caku-baha-dya and Hindus call him Minnath.

Ta Baha of Karunamaya or Rato Machhindranath Temple

The Rato Machhindranath Temple stands about 400 meters south of Patan Durbar Square in a large courtyard known as Ta Baha, built in 1673. The temple is a tall Newar-style Pagoda with three tiers of diminishing roofs. It honors Machhindranath also known as Matsyendranath, an influential early 10th-century yogi who credited the god Shiva as his teacher.

In Nepal, in particular, Matsyendranath has come to be known as a god of rain. Buddhists see the deity as an incarnation of Avalokitesvara, and Hindus as an incarnation of Shiva. In Lalitpur in particular the temple is one of two focal points of the Rato Machindranath Jatra, a ceremony that honors the role of the deity also called Bungadya in bringing an end to droughts, the image of Bungadya is pulled in a tall chariot in April-May, built on Pulchowk Road.

Haugal Bahal

Haugal Bahal is a historic community located near Patan Durbar Square. It is home to the Rajkarnikar clan, who are believed to have been brought from Kannauj, India by the Malla kings to make sweets for them. The Rajkarnikars have a rich culinary tradition and their sweets and snacks are still popular throughout Nepal. The bahal has a Buddha shrine. The inner chowk is dedicated to Harati, a goddess worshipped in both Hindu and Buddhist traditions. The icon is from the early Licchavi period.

Rudra Varna Mahabihar

Rudra Varna Mahabihar is a historic landmark in Patan. It was built in the 7^th century by Lichhavi King Shiva Dev and was completed by Rudra Dev. It is said that the Rudra Varna Mahabihar once served as a royal courtyard for King Rudra Dev.

One of the most unique aspects of the Rudra Varna Mahabihar is its association with the recitation of the Namasangiti. This ancient prayer is said to have the power to remove the eight great fears or Asta Maha Bhaya, from the minds of those who recite it. Rudra Varna Mahabihar remains a vibrant and active center of Nepalese culture and spirituality.

Guita

Guita Buddhist monastery is in Patan. The temple which is said to be named after the number nine is a fascinating place that is shrouded in mystery and symbolism. It is said that nine nagas or serpent deities performed their sadhana or spiritual practice here. This is why, the temple is considered to be a powerful place of worship. There are nine chaityas or Buddhist stupas surrounding the temple. Another interesting feature of the temple is the nine water spouts that are located near the entrance. These spouts are believed to have been built during the Malla period and are said to represent the nine planets of the solar system.

Mayur Varna Mahabihar (Bhinchhe Bahal)

Bhinchhe Bahal, also known as Mayur Varna Mahabihar, is a Buddhist Monastery on the eastern side of Patan Durbar Square. This ancient monastery is known for its stunning architecture, intricate wood carvings, and ancient artifacts. The name Mayur Varna translates to Peacock-colored in Sanskrit. The monastery houses several rare texts and teachings, including the Prajnaparamita. It is one of the most important Buddhist texts, which dates back to the 12^th century. It is the home to many stone carvers who have made stone sculptures in the past. Visitors still can witness the stone carvers at work.

Jaya Manohar Mahabihar (Su Bahal)

Su Bahal, also known as Jaya Manohar Mahabihar was built over 1000 years ago by King Indra Dev. The temple of the monastery was said to have been constructed by removing a cremation ground that previously stood in the area. Thus, on the ninth day of Dashain a main Hindu festival, people offer a tiny piece of their flesh to Mahakal. A deity believed to reside in the cremation ground to pay homage to the deity and ask for blessing.

Yempi Bihar (Ibahil)

Yempi Bihar, locally known as Ibahil is a heritage site near the Kumbeshwar Temple. It is said that the Bihar was once visited by Guru Padmasambhava, who is believed to have stayed there for six months and went to Tibet to spread the teachings of Buddhism.

Yempi Bihar also plays a vital role in the annual Rato Machhindranath Jatra, a popular festival that takes place in Patan. The Jatra is believed to bring good luck and prosperity to the city, and it is said that any work related to the Jatra must first begin at Yempi Bihar.

Sanskrit and Newari names of Bahis of Lalitpur

S. N.	Sanskrit	Nepāla Bhāṣā
1.	Yampi Maha Bihar	Ibahil
2.	Lalit Barna Maha Bihar	Konti Bahil
3.	Napi Chandra Maha Bihar	Duntu Bahil
4.	Gopi Chandra Maha Bihar	Pintu Bahil
5.	Askchheswar Maha Bihar	Upper Pucho Bahil
6.	Raskchheswar Maha Bihar	Lower Pucho Bahil
7.	Lokakirti Maha Bihar	Nabahil
8.	Mani Mandap Maha Bihar	Dhapagal Bahil
9.	Saptapur Maha Bihar	Chink Bahil
10.	Jestha Barna Maha Bihar	Jyaba Bahil
11.	Raja Shree Maha Bihar	Ibaha Bahil
12.	Lokkirti Maha Bihar	Kinu Bahil
13.	Chandra Surya Maha Bihar	Nhyanka Bahil
14.	Kamuk Nam Maha Bihar	Larger Khwaya Bahil
15.	Kamuk Nam Maha Bihar	Smaller Khwaya Bahil
16.	Gustal Maha Bihar	Main Guita Bahil
17.	Pratham Shree Maha Bihar	Larger Guita Bahil
18.	Basucha Shil Maha Bihar	Smaller Guita Bahil
19.	Iti Raj Maha Bihar	Ilaya Bahil
20.	Jaya Shree Maha Bihar	Uba Bahil
21.	Sthabir Patra Maha Bihar	Thapa Bahil

The functions of Bahis are systematic but vary by Bahis. The Bahis have Sangha perform the same activities as in Bihar. The largest Saptapur Bihar has 156 Sangha members whereas, the smallest one i.e. Jesth Barna Bihar has only one member. Now seven Bahis have no Sangha members. Some Bahis has own branch while in Saptapur Bihar there are 4 branch of Bihars.

Lokakirti Bahi possesses only Bajracharya Sangha and the remaining are captured by the Shakya community. The condition of Bahis is not well. Except few, all Bahis have been badly damaged in the absence of regular care and maintenance. Furthermore, there are some Bihars in Lalitpur town which do not happen in any group but these Bihars have been performing similar activities like in Bihars and Bahis through Sangha as usual. The number of these Bihars is eight.

The existence of Bihars and Bahis in Lalitpur town has witnessed a great prolonged period to come at the present condition by crossing several ruling periods. The location of these Bihars and Bahis was certainly controlled by the then environment of Lalitpur town. Therefore, a good deal of understanding of the present spatial distribution of Bihars and Bahis in Lalitpur town could provide the probable true situation of that time and the existing relationship at the present moment with the changing spatial landscape of Lalitpur town.

Additional Bihars of Lalitpur

S.N.	Sanskrit	Nepāla Bhāṣā
1.	Layan Chaitya Bimba Maha Bihar	Henu Bahal
2.	Yonkuli Maha Bihar	Yoku Bahal
3.	Chakrawarti Maha Bihar	Khwakha Nabahal
4.	Gawarma Pinth Maha Bihar	Mubahal
5.	Shree Watsa Maha Bihar	Atha Bahal
6.	Subarna Maha Bihar	Ikha Chhen Bahal
7.	Chaitya Barna Maha Bihar	Michchhu Bahal
8.	Dwarik Bihar	Dwarika Bahal

Advaita Vedanta refers to the non-dualistic school of Hindu philosophy, which is derived mostly from the Upanishads and elaborated in detail by eminent scholars like Gaudapada and Sri Adi Shankaracharya. Dvaita means duality, and Advaita means nonduality. In simple terms, Advaita means the absence of the duality between subject and object. In our wakeful consciousness, we experience duality, but in deep sleep only nonduality.

Advaita school believes that Brahman is the only reality and everything else is a mere appearance, projection, formation, or illusion. One of the most common examples used to describe the state is momentarily seeing a snake in a rope when it is lying in the darkness. The snake is an illusion, and the rope is the reality. In the same manner, the world appears in the mind as a formation over the Self. The school also believes that Atman, the individual self, has no separate existence of its own. It is but a projection or reflection of Brahman only in each being. Jiva is a deluded soul by egoism, desires, and other impurities and thereby experiences duality and separation. Because of it each being is bound to the cycle of births and deaths and the laws of karma as long and remains so until liberation is achieved.

Brahman is real, but the world in which we live is a mere illusion, like a mirage. It appears in our consciousness because of the activity of the mind and the senses. Since we depend upon them, we do not perceive Brahman, the ultimate reality, who is hidden in all. When they are fully withdrawn and made silent through detachment, purity, and renunciation, one can see the Supreme Self hidden in all and attain liberation.

Advaita Vedanta believes that an enlightened guru, knowing both the scriptures and Brahman, is indispensable for anyone seeking salvation. Mandukya Karika of Gaudapada is considered to be the first available treatise on Advaita Vedanta, while the monumental works of Shankaracharya constitute its core literature. Successive generations of scholars enriched the school of Advaita through their teachings and scholarly works. Advaita school also forms part of Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Shaktism under different names.

Main Points of Advaita Vedanta – Non-Dualistic Vedanta

• Brahman alone is real.
• The Jiva is not different from Brahman, He is Brahman.
• Hence, the Jiva is eternal, pure, awakened, and free.
• Jiva appears as a doer (Karta) and experiencer (Bhokta) due to ignorance.
• The major cause of the ignorance is Antahkarana ( Instruments of Mind ) .
• Antahkaranas are the inner instruments of the mind (Manas, Buddhi, Chitta, and Ahankara)
• This world is only illusory appearance.

A few important concepts of Advaita Vedanta are presented below.

The Four States of Consciousness

Shankara’s philosophy of Advaita Vedanta also includes the idea of the four states of consciousness, which are waking, dreaming, deep sleep, and transcendental consciousness ( jagrat, sawpna, susupti & turiya). According to this philosophy, the ultimate reality is experienced in the fourth state of consciousness, which is characterized by pure awareness and the absence of thoughts or perceptions.

This philosophy of the four states of consciousness has been influential in the development of meditation and spiritual practices in the Eastern school tradition, as well as in other spiritual traditions around the world.

Sadhana Chatushtayam

Sadhana Chatushtayam means the tetrad which is imperative for spiritual practice and liberation. The following four sets of qualifications are considered essential to achieve salvation, which each aspirant is expected to cultivate.

1. Nityanitya vastu viveka: The ability to discriminate between what is eternal (nitya) and what is temporary (anitya). The absence of it is responsible for the delusion.
   
2. Ihamutrartha phala bhoga viraga: Disinterestedness in enjoying the fruit of one’s actions and sense objects here and hereafter. This will arrest the continuation and formation of karma.
   
3. Sama adi satka sampatti: Qualities such as sama (control of internal sense organs), dama (control of external sense organs), uparati (abstinence), titiksha (quietness), sraddha (sincerity and faith) and samadhana. They are important for self-transformation and the predominance of sattva, without which one cannot be free from the triple impurities of egoism, attachments, and delusion.
   
4. Mumukhatva: Intense aspiration for salvation. It arises mainly due to the good works (karma) in the past. According to the Bhagavadgita only after repeated births, a person feels a strong drive to achieve salvation and turn to the path of salvation.

Pramanas

They are the standards of ascertaining the right knowledge, truth, or valid knowledge. In this world of duality, it is very difficult to know which is the right knowledge and which is reliable for salvation or for ascertaining truth. Advaita Vedanta recognizes six Pramanas, of which three were proposed by Shankaracharya and three by his followers. They are as stated below.

1. Pratyaksha: The knowledge that comes through perception. This is objective knowledge that is experienced directly either through the senses or in deeper states of consciousness.
   
2. Anumana: The knowledge that comes using inference. This is speculative knowledge based upon supposition or belief.
   
3. Upamana: The knowledge that comes using analogy, comparison, and contrast. This is relational knowledge.
   
4. Arthapatti: The knowledge obtained by meaningful assumptions based on common sense and previous experience. This is hypothetical knowledge.
   
5. Anupalabdhi: The knowledge gained through negation.
   
6. Agama: The knowledge that comes through the study of scriptures. This is pure theoretical knowledge.

Theory of Causation

Advaita Vedanta recognizes two forms of causation, the material cause and the instrumental cause. According to the school, Brahman is both the material and instrumental cause of creation. In other words, Brahman provides not only the will and direction but also the material and energy needed to manifest the things, beings, and worlds. Brahman is both Purusha (Self) and Prakriti (Nature).This is in contrast to some schools of Hindu philosophy, which argue that Brahman is the instrumental cause while Prakriti or nature is the material cause.

Cause and Effect:

Adi Shankaracharya proposed that each cause was hidden in its every effect, whereas the opposite was not true. In other words, the seed is hidden in the tree that produces it. While a cause is not different from the effect it produces, the same cannot be argued in the case of an effect about its cause. A cause is always part of the effect, hidden within it and so is not different from it. Brahman is the cause of all creation. So the world is real only because Brahman, who is its cause, is hidden and inseparable from it.

From this perspective, the world becomes an illusion because it disappears when the Self or Brahman is withdrawn from it. The world exists when you, the cause, are present in your mind. When you, the cause, withdraw from it, the world disappears. Shankaracharya propounded the theory of causation (vivartavada). According to it, an effect is an outward projection of cause and hence not real. This is in contrast to the parinamavada concept according to which an effect is an evolution or transformation of cause and hence as real as the cause itself.

Maya (Illusion)

According to Advaita Vedanta, the world is an illusion or Maya, which is caused by the veiling power of Brahman. It is unreal or illusory in an absolute sense. Since it is a projection of God’s consciousness, it disappears when it is withdrawn. The veiling is called avarna and the projection viksepa. Followers of Advaita argue that Maya is neither real nor unreal, but indeterminate or indescribably (anirvachaniyam) because it cannot be both at the same time.

Brahman and Atman (Universal & Individual)

Brahman is the supreme, absolute, and eternal reality. It is the only truth, the cause of all, and the only stable and permanent reality. Atman is Brahman, perceived as the individual self, the hidden reality, in all aspects of creation. There is no difference between the two. When the Self overcomes its veiling, it experiences non-duality (Advaita anubhava) of existence and realizes its non-difference from the Absolute. Brahman in his absolute state is without qualities and attributes. However, in our relative state we perceive him to be having certain attributes and refer to him as Isvara, the lord of the universe. In the ultimate sense, Isvara is also not the cause, but only an effect or a reflection of Brahman in the quality of Sattva.

The World

According to Advaita, the world is unreal, not because it does not exist, but because it exists only so long as the Self is present in the awareness as the subject. When the Self is withdrawn from the consciousness, the world disappears. Besides it is ever-changing, unstable, impermanent, and subject to destruction and decay. It is an appearance, a projection of God, like a mirage, or a mistaken reality. Our senses take it for granted whereby we mistakenly consider it real and permanent. The world exists because of our perception of duality and will disappear when we enter the state of non-duality or pure subjectivity, which is the state of the Self. When we overcome the illusion and develop detachment from the sense objects we enter that state of pure awareness where the duality between subject and object, or the knower and known simply vanishes and the Self alone remains.

References :

1. https://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/concepts/advaitaconcept.asp
2. Research Materials from Suman Bista

Mantra chanting may be a deeply rooted spiritual and religious practice that has positive effects on one’s physical, mental, and spiritual well-being. Mantra chanting could be an awesome way to enter a thoughtful state of intellect since it gives your intellect something to concentrate on, which calms other thoughts. Practicing mantras all through life can be supportive to keep you focused, but they have to be especially supportive during your yoga and dhyana practices. After you keep your mind focused on your breath and a mantra during practice, it can assist in reducing your chitta vritti, or mind thoughts. We present you with the Top 10 Yoga Mantras/Yoga Prayers below with their meaning.

1. GURU MANTRA
2. PRANAVA MANTRA: Omkaaram Bindu-Samyuktam
3. GAAYATREE MANTRA: Om Bhoor-Bhuvah Svah
4. GURU MANTRA: Tvameva Mata
5. GURU MANTRA: Dhyanamulam Gururmurti
6. KAMANA MANTRA: Om Sarve Bhavantu Sukhinah
7. LIGHT MANTRA: Om Asato Ma Satgamaya
8. OM SAHANA VAVATU
9. KARPURA GAURAM KARUNAVATARAM
10. OM PURNAMADAH PURNAMIDAM
    

1. GURU MANTRA:

 OM Namo Guru Dev Namo!

ॐ नमो गुरु देव् नमो

Meaning: I bow, or salutations to the divine Master.

2. PRANAVA MANTRA: Omkaaram Bindu-Samyuktam

Omkaaram Bindu-Samyuktam, Nityam Dhyaayanti Yoginah |
Kaamadam Mokshadam Chaiva Omkaaraaya Namo Namah |1|

ॐकारं बिंदुसंयुक्तं नित्यं ध्यायंति योगिनः ।
कामदं मोक्षदं चैव ॐकाराय नमो नमः ॥१॥

Meaning:
Salutations to Him, Who resides In the Spiritual Heart Center as Omkaara, On Whom the Yogis Constantly Meditate, Who Grants All Desires and also Liberation to the Devotees. Salutations to “Om”

3. GAAYATREE MANTRA: Om Bhoor-Bhuvah Svah

Om Bhoor-Bhuvah Svah, Tat-Savitur-Varenyam, Bhargo Devasya Dheemahi, Dhiyo Yo Nah Prachodayaat

ॐ भूर्भुवः स्वः तत्सवितुर्वरेण्यं, भर्गो देवस्य धीमहि, धियो यो नः प्रचोदयात् ॥ ऋग वेद ३।  ६२।  १०।

Meaning:
Om, Pervading the Bhu Loka (Earth, Consciousness of the Physical Plane), Bhuvah Loka (Antariksha, the Intermediate Space, Consciousness of Prana) and Svah Loka (Sky, Heaven, Consciousness of the Divine Mind), that Savitur (Savitri, Divine Essence of the Sun) which is the most Adorable (fit to be worshiped), I Meditate on that Divine Effulgence (divine light), may that awakens our Intelligence (Spiritual Consciousness).

4. GURU MANTRA: Tvameva Mata

Tvam-Eva Maataa Cha Pitaa Tvam-Eva | Tvam-Eva Bandhush-Cha Sakhaa Tvam-Eva |
Tvam-Eva Vidhyaa Dravinnam Tvam-Eva |Tvam-Eva Sarvam Mama Deva Deva ||

त्वमेव माता च पिता त्वमेव । त्वमेव बन्धुश्च सखा त्वमेव ।
त्वमेव विद्या द्रविणम् त्वमेव । त्वमेव सर्वम् मम देव देव ॥

Meaning:
You truly are my mother and you truly are my father. You truly are my Sibling and you truly are my Friend. You truly are my knowledge and you truly are my Wealth. You truly are my All, My God of Gods; to me as my almighty.

5. GURU MANTRA: Dhyanamulam Gururmurti

Dhyaana-Moolam Gurur-Moortih; Poojaa-Moolam Gurur-Padam |
Mantra-Moolam Gurur-Vaakyam ; Moksha-Moolam Gurur-Kripaa ||

ध्यानमूलं गुरुर्मूर्तिः पूजामूलं गुरुर्पदम् ।
मन्त्रमूलं गुरुर्वाक्यं, मोक्षमूलं गुरूर्कृपा ॥

Meaning:
The Root of Meditation is the Form of the Guru; The Root of Worship is the Feet of the Guru,
The Root of Mantra is the Word of the Guru; The Root of Liberation is the Grace of the Guru.

6. KAMANA MANTRA: Om Sarve Bhavantu Sukhinah

Om Sarve Bhavantu Sukhinah; Sarve Santu Niraamayaah |
Sarve Bhadraanni Pashyantu; Maa Kashchid-Duhkha-Bhaag-Bhavet |

ॐ सर्वे भवन्तु सुखिनः, सर्वे सन्तु निरामयाः ।
सर्वे भद्राणि पश्यन्तु, मा कश्चिद्दुःखभाग्भवेत् ।

Meaning:
Om, May All be Happy, May All be Free from Illness. May All See what is Auspicious, May no one Suffer.

7. LIGHT MANTRA: Om Asato Ma Satgamaya

Om Asato Maa Sat-Gamaya |Tamaso Maa Jyotir-Gamaya | Mrtyor-Maa Amrtam Gamaya | Om Shaantih Shaantih Shaantih ||

ॐ असतो मा सद्गमय । तमसो मा ज्योतिर्गमय । मृत्योर्मा अमृतं गमय । ॐ शान्तिः शान्तिः शान्तिः ॥

Meaning:
Om, (O Lord / Paramatma)! Keep me not in (the Phenomenal World of) Unreality, but make me go towards the Reality (of Eternal Self); Keep me not in (the Ignorant State of) Darkness, but make me go towards the Light (of Spiritual Knowledge), Keep me not in (the World of) Mortality, but make me go towards the World of Immortality (of Self-Realization). Om Peace, Peace, Peace!

8. OM SAHANA VAVATU

Om Saha Naav[au]-Avatu | Saha Nau Bhunaktu | Saha Viiryam Karavaavahai | Tejasvi Naav[au]-Adhiitam-Astu Maa Vidvissaavahai | Om Shaantih Shaantih Shaantih ||

ॐ सह नाववतु । सह नौ भुनक्तु । सह वीर्यं करवावहै । तेजस्वि नावधीतमस्तु मा विद्विषावहै । ॐ शान्तिः शान्तिः शान्तिः ॥

Meaning:  
Om, Together may we two Move (in our Studies, the Teacher and the Student), May he protect. Together may we two Relish (our Studies, the Teacher and the Student) or be nourished. Together may we perform (our Studies) with Vigour (with deep Concentration). May what has been studied by us be filled with the Brilliance (of Understanding, leading to Knowledge). May it not give rise to Hostility (due to lack of Understanding).  Om Peace, Peace, Peace. Guru Strotam

9. KARPURA GAURAM KARUNAVATARAM

Karpuura-Gauram Karunna-Avataaram, Samsaara-Saaram Bhujagendra-Haaram |
Sadaa-Vasantam Hrdaya-Aravinde, Bhavam Bhavaanii-Sahitam Namaami |

कर्पूरगौरं करुणावतारं, संसारसारम् भुजगेन्द्रहारम् ।
सदावसन्तं हृदयारविन्दे, भवं भवानीसहितं नमामि ॥

Meaning:  
Pure White like Camphor, an Incarnation of Compassion. The Essence of Worldly Existence, Whose Garland is the King of Serpents. Always Dwelling inside the Lotus of the Heart. I Bow to Shiva and Shakti Together.

10.  OM PURNAMADAH PURNAMIDAM

Om Puurnnam-Adah Puurnnam-Idam, Puurnnaat-Puurnnam-Udacyate |
Puurnnasya Puurnnam-Aadaaya, Puurnnam-Eva-Avashissyate |
Om Shaantih Shaantih Shaantih ||

ॐ पूर्णमदः पूर्णमिदं, पूर्णात्पूर्णमुदच्यते ।
पूर्णस्य पूर्णमादाय, पूर्णमेवावशिष्यते ॥
ॐ शान्तिः शान्तिः शान्तिः ॥

Meaning:

Om, That (Outer World) is Purna (Full with Divine Consciousness); This (Inner World) is also Purna (Full with Divine Consciousness); From Purna is manifested Purna (From the Fullness of Divine Consciousness the World is manifested). Taking Purna from Purna, Purna indeed remains (Because Divine Consciousness is Non-Dual and Infinite), Om, Peace, Peace, Peace.

What is the Ashtanga Yoga Primary Series?

Yoga is the union of the inner self and cosmic intelligence. Yoga is for getting good health, happiness, and harmony. It is a completely experimental science that uncovers inner peace, purity, rest, and relaxation, then links to groom the entire potency. Yoga is the complete science of being. Dhyana (Meditation) is the final key in yoga Practice. Physical practice or Asanas is one of the major pillars of the whole yogic mission. Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga is the complete Asana series for intense physical fitness; it strong ground for Yoga Sadhana. It combines some of the means of Yoga like Prayer, Asana, Breath, Bandha, and Focus (drishti) for optimum merits.

Yoga asanas cleanse and strengthen the body. Ashtanga yoga Indian asanas are divided into six series. This elementary school is called Yoga Chikitsa because it detoxifies and harmonizes the body. How to improve your physical and mental health. This energetic and stimulating yoga practice is especially suitable for people between 15 and 30. It brings various benefits.

The Ashtanga Yoga Primary Series primarily focuses on the major organs of the body such as the gastrointestinal system, liver, gallbladder, and kidneys. It also balances the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. This practice involves Ujjayi Pranayama breathing techniques, where you take deep breaths while listening to sounds for effect.

Why Should Young Groups Try Ashtanga Yoga Primary Series?

Build strength and endurance – The Ashtanga Yoga Primary Series offers physical benefits and is a good option for young adults. A series of postures targets different muscle groups and increases recovery throughout the body. Choosing to exercise regularly can help you build a strong and toned body.

Improve Flexibility and Balance – Featuring dynamic stretches and balanced poses, the Ashtanga Yoga Primary Series increases your range of motion and challenges your sense of balance. Improves physical performance and reduces injuries in daily life. Improved mental clarity and concentration – Adolescents need mental clarity. The Ashtanga Yoga Primary Series helps promote mental clarity and focus. This form of yoga helps you calm your mind and find inner peace by creating a meditative flow. Additionally, regular practice increases productivity and reduces stress levels.

Promotes the mind-body connection – This can be achieved by promoting the mind-body connection and focusing on the sensations and coordination of each pose. This connection fosters self-awareness and increases levels of understanding.

 Create healthy habits – Consider adopting healthy habits for your long-term health. Consistently practicing the Ashtanga Yoga Primary Series will help you become more disciplined and organized. It guarantees long-term happiness and success.

Ashtanga Yoga Primary Series Benefits in the Human Body :

• Strengthen your body and increase your hidden strength.
• Each Asana in Ashtanga Vinyasa has unique properties for curing physical ailments. Therefore, it brings health.
• Prepare for advanced-level asanas. Advanced asanas require the body to become stronger and more flexible, which can be achieved through the regular practice of Ashtanga Vinyasa. Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga is very helpful in strengthening your arms, hands, shoulders, and core. This will help you perform various headstands, handstands, and hand balance asanas.
• Stay active and fit.
• Helps you recharge your body and perform your daily tasks better.
• Continuously practicing Vinyasa after almost every pose increases body temperature and improves flexibility during asanas. Likewise, this is a very powerful flow that energizes the body.

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As we know, Life is filled with suffering. When a baby is born, the first sound it hears is crying. Throughout our lives, we experience all kinds of pain and suffering caused by illness, injury, fatigue, misunderstanding, stress, old age, and eventually death, etc. Even the so-called moments of pleasure are only short-lived. We talk details below on Six Enemies of the Mind (Shad-ripu).

Our writings and the great teachers of antiquity speak of suffering and that the meaning of life is to end that suffering so that we can be liberated. In Buddhism, there is mention of four noble truths:

1. Dukkha (suffering): This life is full of suffering.
2. Dukkha samudaya (reason for suffering): lustful cravings (Trishna) lead to suffering
3. Dukkha nirodha (end of suffering): It is possible to put an end to this suffering.
4. Nirodhagamini pratipad (path to freedom from dukkha): Buddha gives the eight-fold path to eliminate dukkha

In the Yoga Sutras, Patanjali presents an identical viewpoint even though he has used a slightly different terminology:

1. Dukkha (suffering)
   For those who have developed discriminatory wisdom, all life is suffering on account of the pains resulting from change, anxiety, and tendencies (samskaras); as also on account of the conflicts between the functioning of the three Gunas and the Vrttis (fluctuations of the mind) (Sutra 2.15)
2. Heya-hetu (cause of suffering)
   The cause of that (suffering) which is to be avoided is the union of the Seer (Purusha) and the Seen (Prakriti) (sutra 2.17); 
   This union is caused by ignorance (avidya) (sutra 2.24)
3. Haana (removal of dukkha)
   The dissociation of Purusa and Prakrti brought about by the dispersion of ignorance (Avidya) is the real remedy (for eliminating suffering). And it leads to the Liberation of the Seer (Purusha). (Sutra 2.25)
4. Haanopaya (technique of removal)
   Uninterrupted discriminative discernment is the means for the removal of the apparent union between Purusha and Prakriti (Sutra 2.26)
   By the practice of the limbs of Yoga, the impurities dwindle away and there dawns the light of wisdom, leading to discriminative discernment (sutra 2.28)

As you can see, on the topic of dukkha (suffering), there is a marked similarity between the concepts presented by Patanjali in the Yoga Sutras and the four noble truths presented in Buddhism.

Samkhya Karika, the most authentic and widely followed text on the philosophy of Samkhya, also states a similar concept in its very first shloka: 

duḥkhatrayābhighātāj jijñāsā tadapa1ghātake hetau ।

dṛṣṭe sāpārthā cen naikāntātyantato’bhāvāt ॥ 1॥ 

Stated in Samkhya Philosophy

Because we are confronted with the three kinds of suffering, there is a desire to know the means of its removal. And if it is argued that the inquiry is superfluous because some obvious means are available (medical science, for example), we must realize that these other means are neither absolute nor permanent (Samkhya Karika 1) 

The three categories of suffering mentioned in this verse are: adhyatmika (caused by the body or mind of oneself), adhibhautika (caused by other living beings) and adhidaivika (caused by divine intervention) 

What is the root cause of this suffering? As stated above, Patanjali, in the yoga sutras, attributes this suffering to avidya (ignorance). When we are ignorant of our true nature, ego takes over and begins to dominate our decision-making. As we know, the ego likes to identify every life experience with labels such as “like it/dislike it”, “love it/hate it”, etc. This kind of labeling leads to strong attachments or strong aversions (raga/dvesha) which give birth to the six enemies of the mind discussed below.

Six enemies of the mind (shad-ripu) 

It is these strong attachments and aversions, which corrupt our mind with these six negative tendencies, which are commonly referred to as the six enemies of the mind (shad-ripu). All our behaviors and actions are constantly influenced by these six negative tendencies:

• Kama (lust/craving)
• Krodha (anger)
• Lobha (greed)
• Moha (delusion)
• Mada (arrogance, vanity)
• Matsarya (jealousy) 

Let us look at these six enemies of the mind one by one.

Kama (lust/craving) 

When a person has a pleasant experience with an object of the five senses, he or she develops an attraction to that object, which leads to attachment. The constant search for objects that we are attached to can lead to addiction. This can lead to a feeling of longing for these objects. We can develop desires for food, power, sex, possessions, wealth, etc. In some literary works, “Kama” is generally associated with sexual desire.In the Bhagavad Gita (Chapter 3, Verse 37) we read: “The Supreme Lord has said: Only lust arises from contact with the force of passion (Guna Rajas) and then turns into anger.” Recognize him as a sinful one, consuming enemy of the world.

Krodha (anger)

Anger is usually a response to a perceived threat. You may become angry when you lose your temper, when your opinion is ignored, or when you feel like you have been wronged. As mentioned above, we develop strong likes and dislikes based on our life experiences. We become angry when our strong desires (attempts) are not fulfilled. Likewise, we get angry when we can’t get rid of something that we don’t quite like. Anger can build up if you don’t express it properly.

As per a Buddhist saying, “anger is like holding a piece of burning charcoal in the hand with the intent of hurling at someone you hate. Guess who is getting hurt/burnt?”

Bhagavad Gita in the following shlokas (2.62, 2.63) describes how lust and anger can eventually lead to total destruction. The sequence described here is sometimes referred to as the “ladder of destruction”.

“When a man constantly thinks about objects of the five senses, attachment for those objects arises. From attachment is born desire (craving), and from desire is born anger. From anger comes delusion, from delusion comes loss of memory, from loss of memory comes destruction of intellect, which leads to total annihilation.” (Bhagavad Gita, verses 62-63, chapter 2) 

Lobha (greed)

Greed, like all the other negative traits, is driven by the ego. It represents an excessive and selfish desire to possess more than what we need or deserve. To fulfill their greedy ambitions people can resort to unfair means, violence, crime, stealing, etc. People become greedy when they have a sense of insecurity, a sense of lack, incompleteness, and unwholesomeness. 

We can curb greediness if we can learn to differentiate between “wants” and “needs”. When we live a life of contentment (santosha), we limit our endeavors to fulfilling our basic needs. On the other hand, irrespective of how much we possess, we are never satisfied and our “wants” continue to grow. You may want something because of an ad that you saw on TV, or you may be jealous of your neighbor who owns a million-dollar home whereas you are living in a small two-bedroom condo.  

Moha (delusion)

Delusion refers to our inability to see the truth and being trapped in material bonds. We believe that we receive and give happiness by attaching ourselves to our children, our family, etc. We don’t realize that it’s just an illusory feeling of happiness. True happiness comes from pure love and compassion that comes from non-attachment. Attachment is the result of the ego always tied to a personal interest. We feel discouraged or unhappy when our interests are not pursued. On the other hand, if we perform our duties with a relaxed attitude (nishkama-bhava),  pure joy arises.

Mada (arrogance)

Some of the words commonly used to describe “mada” are arrogance, conceit, pride,  conceit, conceit, selfishness, etc. A person with these traits always has a high opinion of himself and tries to belittle others. People become arrogant because of their beauty, position, fame, wealth, knowledge, background, physical strength, etc. Even yogis who develop special powers called siddhis after intensive meditation are known to develop arrogance and selfishness. Anyone who lives with this selfish and exaggerated view of themselves experiences a bitter shock and great disappointment when confronted with reality. Mada (arrogance) is like a balloon that grows until it bursts. They often have low self-esteem, which leads them to behave arrogantly.

Matsarya (jealousy) 

Jealousy and greed are closely related. Like greed, jealousy arises from feelings of dissatisfaction and inadequacy. He feels like something is missing or lacking in his life. When a person sees that others have items that they also want, they become jealous. As we all know, jealousy is a common theme in our films, books, plays, etc. This was the cause of clashes and wars. Many divorces happen because of jealousy. Again, like all other negative tendencies, the main culprit of jealousy is ego.

Enemies of the mind in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali

In the Yoga Sutras, Patanjali talks about three of these tendencies – lobha (greed), krodha (anger), and moha (delusion) while discussing two of the eight limbs of yoga – the five yamas and the five niyamas. 

“When negative thoughts of acts such as violence, etc. arise in the mind, they are either performed by oneself, or got done by others, or even approved of; they can be incited by greed, anger or delusion; or they can be indulged in with mild, medium or extreme intensity; they are the cause of infinite misery and unending ignorance. Reflecting in this manner is called “pratipaksha bhavana” (the contrary thought)” (sutra 2.34). 

The Yamas and Niyamas are as follows:

Yamas: ahimsa (non-violence), satya (truthfulness), asteya (non-stealing), brahmacharya (celibacy) and aparigraha (non-hoarding)

Niyamas: shaucha (cleanliness), santosha (contentment), tapas (austerities), swadhyaya (self-study), ishwara-pranidhana (surrender to Ishwara)

The above sutra tells us that we tend to violate these yamas and niyamas when we are incited by greed, anger, or delusion, which are three of the six negative tendencies that we are discussing. When motivated by these tendencies, we can engage in violence, lie, steal, be greedy, and more. What we need to realize is that indulging in these acts will ultimately result in untold misery and plunge us into the darkness of ignorance. To avoid these pitfalls, Patanjali says that we should immediately think of thoughts that are contrary to these negative thoughts (pratipaksha bhavana).  

Shadripu and Soul

According to the Hindu scriptures, they connect the soul with the cycle of life and death and confine it to this material world (the Maya or relatively final existence). The first three in particular are said to be the path to hell. The first two are about the difficult experiences we have in life.

No matter how powerful, rich, successful, or seemingly happy we are, we cannot be considered mature if we are immature. These six internal enemies have not yet been defeated. In fact, Sanātana Dharma states that unless we defeat these six enemies – “Shadripus” – our hearts will never be truly happy and peaceful.

Furthermore, there is no point in maintaining “good behavior” if we have not defeated Shadripa. For example, telling the truth out of greed is worse than telling the truth without a desire for wealth. Who is better: who calls the police and tells them the location of a wanted criminal to receive a reward, or who does this even if there is no reward for the criminal’s arrest? The concept of Shadripu in Sanatana Dharma makes us responsible for our successes and failures. In the Gita Bhagavan Krishna says:

Man must exalt himself; You can’t humiliate yourself. In truth, only the mind is man’s friend and only the mind is his enemy.

Concluding remarks

The six enemies of the mind that we have spoken about are the impurities of the mind that obscure our clear vision and cause untold pain and suffering. As we have already seen, it is the ego that uses life experiences to sow the seeds of strong attachments and resentments. These attachments and aversions lead to the reinforcement of the six negative tendencies (shad-ripu) discussed here. This interaction between the ego and the shark causes pain and suffering on a mental and emotional level. The only way to get rid of these negative emotions is to eliminate avidya (ignorance), which reduces the influence of the ego, and clears and clears the mind so that we can access the light of true intuitive wisdom.

Samaveta Pranayama (The First Pranayama) – Steps, Benefits, Precautions

Samaveta Pranayama is a delightful and simple pranayama practice that allows you to breathe through both nostrils at the same time. The word “Samaveta” comes from Sanskrit and means “together”. This is a fantastic technique and is often described as simple and easy to do. Many sources highlight this technique as a fundamental practice in the world of pranayama. It provides the perfect warm-up for more advanced pranayama practices, preparing your mind and body for the incredible journey that lies ahead. So, take a deep breath and get ready to explore the harmonious union of both nostrils in Samaveta Pranayama. Let the energy flow and embrace the simplicity of this beautiful practice.

Pranayama and Energy Balance

When we practice pranayama, there are different forms of energy within us that are closely related to our health, our thoughts, and our reactions to the outside world. These energies, known as prana, can be both subtle and gross.

Although some forms of energy, while some of the energy sources, such as nervous energy and chemical energy, are well known, others are not commonly observed in daily life. Pranayama aims to harmonize and manipulate these energies, with the control and manipulation of breathing playing a key role.

Samaveta Pranayama Steps/Procedure

1. Sit in a comfortable position, preferably in one of the meditation asanas.
2. If meditation asanas are uncomfortable, you can sit on a chair or against a wall with your feet extended. Make sure your spine remains straight.
3. Close your eyes.
4. Begin yoga breathing, focusing on moving your stomach and chest as rhythmically as possible. Breathe in and out in a wave motion from your stomach to your chest and breathe out in a wave motion from your chest to your stomach. Breathe deeply and effortlessly, exhaling and inhaling as much air as possible.
5. Keep your eyes closed throughout the exercise and continue this breathing pattern for a few minutes.
6. Start practicing Samaveta Pranayama: At the end of inhalation, hold your breath for about a second without straining, and then exhale. Make sure your breathing remains slow and comfortable.
7. Exhale as much air as possible and then inhale. Hold your breath briefly again and breathe out. Repeat this cycle throughout your workout.
8. Breath-hold time: Gradually increase your breath-hold time from about one second to a maximum of ten seconds over the course of several weeks. It is important not to hold your breath longer than necessary. Regular practice will naturally increase the amount of time you can hold your breath.

 Duration

Start with a short duration, e.g., E.g. 5 minutes, and increase gradually based on your comfort and progress. The duration of the internship can be extended depending on individual possibilities and needs.

 Timing of Practice

Samaveta Pranayama can be practiced at any time of the day, preferably on an empty stomach. However, it is generally recommended to practice pranayama in the early morning or evening when the body and mind are relatively calm.

Samaveta Pranayama Precautions

• It is important to practice Samaveta Pranayama under the supervision of a qualified yoga teacher. Especially if you are new to pranayama practice or suffer from respiratory or circulatory diseases.

 • When practicing, avoid straining and tiring your breathing. Maintain a comfortable and natural breathing rhythm.

 • If you feel dizzy, uncomfortable, or short of breath, stop practicing and consult a yoga instructor or healthcare professional.

 • Make sure your study environment is clean, well-ventilated, and free of distractions.

Samaveta Pranayama Benefits

• Preparation for advanced pranayama exercises:
Samaveta pranayama helps prepare the lungs for more advanced pranayama techniques.

 • Increased Oxygen Exchange:
During breath holding in Samaveta Pranayama, the exchange of oxygen between the blood and lungs and the release of carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood increases.

 • Calming and balancing effects:
The rhythmic breathing pattern of Samaveta Pranayama promotes a feeling of peace and balance in the mind and body.

 • Improved respiratory function:
Regular practice of Samaveta Pranayama strengthens the respiratory muscles, increases lung capacity, and improves overall respiratory function.

 • Increased Energy Flow:
By harmonizing and manipulating subtle and gross forms of energy (Prana), Samaveta Pranayama helps to optimize the flow of energy throughout the body, resulting in increased vitality and overall well-being.

 • Stress reduction:
Deep, mindful breathing combined with Samaveta pranayama activates the parasympathetic nervous system, promotes relaxation, reduces stress, and improves mental clarity.

 • Detoxification:
The increased exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during respiratory arrest helps remove toxins from the body, supporting the detoxification process.

 • Mind-Body Connection:
Samaveta Pranayama cultivates a deeper awareness of breathing and strengthens the mind-body connection, promoting a state of awareness and inner harmony.

Learn everything about various pranayama from authentic sources.

Reference Books:

1. Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha by Swami Satyananda Saraswati
2. The science Of Pranayama by Sri Sivananda.
3. Light on Pranayama by B.K.S Iyengar.

VRISCHIKASANA: The Scorpion Pose

Vrishchikasana or the Scorpion Pose is an inverted asana/pose and an advanced yoga asana that has great benefits for the spinal column and nerves, the endocrine glands, and has anti-aging benefits. In Sanskrit, Vrishchika means Scorpion. In the final position, Vrischikasana resembles the scorpion with its tail lifted upwards. When a scorpion wants to sting its victim, it raises the tail above the back and strikes the victim over the head. This pose resembles a scorpion ready to strike. This pose is usually done at the end of asana practice. It is a combination of a backbend and forearm balance pose. To perform this yoga, pose or asana successfully, you need Flexibility, balance, arms, and shoulder strength.

PREPARATORY POSES FOR SCORPION

• Cobra Pose
• King Cobra
• Pigeon Pose
• King Pigeon Pose
• Handstand

Steps of Vrischikasana (Scorpion Pose):

• Start by kneeling on the floor and bending forward. As you do this, keep your elbows and forearms in contact with the floor with your palms facing down.
• Keep your arms at an appropriate distance from your shoulders.
• Move your head forward and lift it as high as possible; Lift your butt and place your feet firmly on your toes (do dolphin pose for this step).
• Inhale and slowly lift both legs. Stand up straight and maintain your balance.
• Then try to bend your knees slightly and bring your legs closer to your head, trying to touch it with your feet. (Be careful not to move your legs too quickly.)
• Hold the position for a few seconds or as long as possible.
• To release the position, reverse the previous steps and return to the starting position.

Start by keeping your legs straight in line with your head. When you feel comfortable or can easily balance, bend your knees, move your legs forward, and try to touch your head with your feet. This is a very intense exercise asana. Therefore, it is very important to practice this pose daily and perform it in front of the specialist. For this position, you need more flexibility and strength. So, learn the basic asanas first and then try Vrischikasana – Scorpion Pose. Give yourself a break of a few hours between meals and training.

Benefits of Scorpion Pose:

• It Strengthens the middle, back, arms, and shoulders.
• Works on your sense of equilibrium
• Working on the adaptability of the spine
• Fabricates endurance and perseverance.
• Permits blood to race to the cerebrum further developing memory and fixation.
• Stimulates the hair follicles in the scalp (balding avoidance)
• Discharge amassed pressure in the shoulders and spine
• Vrishchikasana gives everyone the advantage of transformed asanas like Shirshasana. It turns around the impact of gravity on the body.
• It expands the progression of blood to the head and cerebrum. Helps in the maintenance of the pituitary gland and works on the soundness of the relative multitude of endocrine organs.
• Helps in piles and varicose veins.
• It conditions the reproductive organs
• The asana helps in maintaining the muscles of the back and spine.
• It helps in increasing the strength of the arms. It is good for creating a sense of balance.

Safety and Precautions

Only experienced and well-trained practitioners should attempt this pose and exercise caution. Do not attempt this pose if you have hip or back problems, high blood pressure, or are pregnant. If you have glaucoma, inversion is not recommended. Listen to your body. If you experience physical discomfort or a feeling of unproductivity, carefully exit the pose. Practicing yoga should never be painful.

A world without sound is unimaginable. It is everywhere and in everything, if not loud, then at least subtle. Sound is energy. It was not invented or discovered, but something that has always existed. Since sounds are innate to all of us, it’s no surprise that they affect us in a variety of ways. Sound directly affects the molecular structure of the body, helping to repair, rejuvenate and refresh. It not only affects the body and mind but is also said to connect the physical, mental, and spiritual realms. The sound has been used for centuries to promote physical and emotional well-being. Using positive vibrations and frequencies helps the body and mind return to a stable state. More below on Sound Healing.

Sound healing practices stem from the idea that our bodies and minds function with specific vibrations and frequencies. We can’t always perceive them with our senses, but we can perceive them through our emotions and other energy sources. When these vibrations are no longer in harmony, various physical, emotional, and mental symptoms can occur. Sound healing is therefore a practice that aims to achieve this harmony by manipulating these vibrations with various tools.

 History of Sound Healing

Sound healing is an ancient therapy used to cure diseases and promote spiritual upliftment. It was the first form of traditional medicine. Each culture has developed its method of using sound to eliminate negative energies, cure illnesses, and induce trance.

In Indian culture, people chanted mantras to cure illnesses, boost immunity, calm the mind, and clear karmic imbalances. Music therapy played an integral role in the temples of India and ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptians used music, magical chants, and specific instruments that produced sound waves for healing.

In Greek mythology, Apollo, the god of music and medicine, was said to cure mental illness through song. Hippocrates and other Greek physicians played music and used flutes and lyres to treat their patients. Shamans worldwide used drums to transcend themselves and their patients to a higher level of consciousness, promoting physical and mental well-being. The healing properties of sound are also discussed in the teachings of Buddha and Tibetan religious texts that emphasize the importance of Tibetan healing sound instruments.

Type of Sound Healing

Sound Healing requires certain tools. Some of these tools are easy to find and learn, while others require special circumstances and professional guidance. We will discuss some of the most used sound healing techniques. Type of Sound Healing

Sound healing requires specific tools. Some instruments are easy to find and learn, while others require special circumstances and professional guidance. We will discuss some of the most commonly used sound healing techniques.

• Voice

The voice is the fundamental tool of sound healing and the most important because it is directly related to the vibrations of the body. There are many tools on the market, but we must never forget that we are tools that carry the power of healing. You can heal your voice by humming, singing, praying, saying affirmations, etc. Yoga practices such as Brahmari and Ujjayi Pranayama, mantra chanting, and kirtan are techniques that use the voice for healing.

 • Tibetan Singing Bowls

Buddhists commonly use Tibetan singing bowls in religious practices, and they are one of the most popular sound healing methods. These bowls are made from a small number of sacred metals and crafted using the art of forging and tuning, which gives them a unique frequency and vibration. When struck, they emit a rich blend of harmonious sounds that directly impact the chakras and enhance the meditation process.

They restore the body’s normal vibration frequency. The deep sounds of singing bowls help heal many ailments and promote holistic health. Due to its effective therapeutic benefits, singing bowls are considered one of the most popular sound healing methods.

 • Classical Music

Music takes us to another dimension that feels like an ideal world. Classical music serves as an excellent tool for sound healing and promotes learning and creativity. Today, people increasingly use it to treat depression, anxiety, muscle tension, high blood pressure, and more. It also benefits pregnancy and baby development. Guided meditations, where people meditate following spoken instructions, are included in this practice.

 • Gong bath

The gong or sound bath is an ancient Asian sound healing technique that creates the vibrations of all the water in the body. It is a “bath” of sound waves that produce a wide spectrum of harmonics that create vibrations that bring inner harmony and facilitate healing. People use gongs for yoga, meditation, and chakra balancing.

 • Tuning Forks

People use tuning forks to heal with sound, using the body as the instrument. In medicine, they help localize bone fractures. Tuning forks use sound waves to stimulate meridian points, promoting the body’s natural self-healing energy by applying specific vibrations to targeted areas, releasing tension, and unblocking energy. It works like acupuncture but without needles. Tuning forks promote mental balance and clarity, relieve pain, relax the body, and increase physical energy. They restore chakra balance and maintain the body’s harmony.

 • Didgeridoo

Didgeridoos are indigenous and spiritual instruments made from wood that originated in Australia. People use it in healing and meditation to enter a deep trance and unblock stagnant energy. It reduces snoring, improves sleep quality, and alleviates asthma symptoms.

Benefits of Sound Healing

Sound healing has many multitude of benefits physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually in every. Following are some of the major benefits of sound healing:

1. Helps to Relieve Stress
2. Boosts Brainwaves
3. Helps in the Improvement of Health
4. Helps in releasing Buried Emotions, Enhancing Mood
5. Gives you more focus
6. Helps in Expansion Consciousness
7. Helps in Increase Heart-Brain Coherence

Learn more about the different aspects of sound from the traditional sound healers and meditation gurus, who have learned the art of sound healing from traditional texts and have been healing people for ages. Learn the beautiful singing bowl training or Sound Healing training in Nepal with Himalayan Yoga Academy.